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Redshift quantization is the hypothesis that the redshifts of cosmologically distant objects (in particular galaxies) tend to cluster around multiples of some particular value. Since there is a correlation of distance and redshift as expressed in Hubble's Law, redshift quantization would either indicate a quantization of the distances of galaxies from the Earth or a problem with the redshift-distance correlation, either of which would have serious implications for cosmology. Many scientists who oppose the Big Bang theory, including Halton Arp,〔 〕〔 〕 have referred to observations claimed to be in favor of redshift quantization as reason to reject the standard account of the origin and evolution of the universe. In 1973, astronomer William G. Tifft was the first to report evidence of such clustering (before that see György Paál〔 〕). Recent redshift surveys of quasars (QSOs) have produced no evidence of quantization in excess of what is expected due to galaxy clustering, 〔 〕〔 〕〔 〕〔 〕 and consequently most cosmologists dispute the existence of redshift quantization beyond a minimal trace due to the distribution of galaxies across voids and filaments. "Redshift quantization" has also been called redshift periodicity,〔 〕 redshift discretization,〔 〕 preferred redshifts,〔 〕 and redshift-magnitude bands.〔 〕〔 〕 The term refers to any of the theories in which the quantum of action appears in equations describing Hubble redshift's origin and magnitude of redshift with distance. ==Karlsson's formula== Most cited authors look for the redshifts of many types of stars, or composite objects such as galaxies. On the contrary, Karlsson,〔 Burbidge 〔Burbidge, G. The Distribution of Redshifts in Quasi-Stellar Objects, N- Systems and Some Radio and Compact Galaxies. ApJ. 154, L41-L48 (1968)〕 limit their studies to relatively simple objects, isolated quasars or compact galaxies. Their statistic on large numbers of these objects leads to Karlsson's formula for preferred redshifts: most redshifts Z (frequency shifts divided by initial frequency) are close to Z(n) = nK, where K=0,061 and n is an integer having values 3, 4, 6, ... The strange distribution of these integers is explained by the following remark: 3K is close to redshift 0.1852 ≈ 3 ∗ 0.0617 (resp. 0, 25 = 4 ∗ 0.0625) which shifts Lyman beta (resp. Lyman gamma) frequency of H atom to Lyman alpha frequency. Both parameters of Karlsson's formula are explained, but how do these redshifts result from spectroscopy of hydrogen ? J. C. Pecker proposed an incoherent Raman effect, but it could not work, because incoherent Raman adds frequencies, does not shift them. But, in laboratories, using femptosecond laser pulses, coherent Raman shifts the frequencies. This Impulsive Stimulated Raman Scattering (ISRS) works in excited atomic hydrogen, using nanosecond pulses which make time-incoherent light. A cloud of very low pressure relatively cold atomic hydrogen around a quasar is structured by light: If light is absorbed by Lyman alpha of H, produced excited H atoms shift light until an already absorbed line reaches Lyman alpha frequency. All lines of gas are absorbed until a weaker ISRS resulting from high frequency absorptions restarts the redshift. Shifts 3K and 4K connect similar lines in Lyman forests of quasars. Space cannot be reliably structured aroung a galaxy which is a too large objects. Thus Tifft and followers could not get reliable results. Around extremely powerful supernova, hydrogen is so hot that atoms are excited, Karlsson's formula fails, large local redshifts are interpreted as "voids" in maps of galaxies. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Redshift quantization」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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